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在全球气候持续异常的背景下，森林火灾形势尤为严峻。针对领土和森林面积较大的国家—俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国，研究对比了近20年森林火灾和雷击火的发生次数及过火面积，并从气候、地理、植被和国情等方面分析了近两年在疫情爆发的背景下各国森林火灾形势。通过对比发现：(1)自2017年以来，全球领土面积前四的国家中，俄罗斯西伯利亚地区受全球变暖影响，其森林火灾的过火面积最大；(2)四国相比较，加拿大因雷击火引发的森林火灾最多；(3)中国和美国森林火灾发生的时空分布较为集中。中国森林火灾多集中在1—4月，美国的森林大火多发生于6月；(4)受到全球气候变暖、厄尔尼诺现象的影响，热异常现象越来越多，严重的干旱使针叶林在持续的高温下变得干燥易燃，导致全球范围内森林火灾正呈现新一轮频发爆发的态势，这一影响在陆地与森林面积较多的北半球更为严重。多国森林火灾原因和形势分析的相关研究结果可帮助决策者针对中国国情制定更积极有效的防火措施，以减少火灾造成的人员伤亡和经济损失。
Abstract：The forest fires are extremely serious with the continued abnormdity of globe climate change. This study compares the number and the burned areas of lightning-caused fires in Russia, Canada, China and the United States with vast territories and forests in the last two decades. It further analyzes the major forest fires in these countries from the perspectives of climate, geography, forest vegetation and national conditions in the past two years since the COVID-19 outbreak. The results showed that, 1) since 2017, the Siberian regions in Russia had the largest burned area of forest fire among those four countries; 2) Canada had the highest number of lightning-caused fires in the last decade; 3) The spatial and temporal distributions of forest fires in China and the United States were relatively concentrated. Forest fires usually occurred in China from January to April while in the United States in June; 4) Influenced by global warming and Nino phenomenon, there were increasing heat anomalies and the condition in Northern hemisphere with more land and forests was much more severe. In addition, severe droughts resulted in a new potential danger for the forest fires worldwide. Through the analysis of the causes and situation of forest fires in four countries, this study can help decision-makers carry out active and effective fire-prevention measures in accordance with China's national conditions, in order to reduce the number of deaths and economic losses caused by fire.
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(1)数据来源:美国消防管理局火灾统计(https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/statistics)。
(2)数据来源:俄罗斯环境保护国家报告(https://greenpeace.ru/blogs/2021/09/17/2021-god-polnyj-rekordsmen-po-pozharam/)。
(3)数据来源:加拿大国家林业数据库(http://nfdp.ccfm.org/en/data/fires.php)。
(4)数据来源:中国统计年鉴(http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/)。
基本信息:
DOI：10.19687/j.cnki.1673-7105.2022.04.010
中图分类号:S762
引用信息:
[1]翟杰休,李勇,张博,等.世界主要林火多发国家的森林火灾与雷击火概况分析[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2022,17(04):72-79.DOI:10.19687/j.cnki.1673-7105.2022.04.010.
基金信息:
中国消防救援学院教学改革与教学研究项目(YJYB2022001)
2022-12-15
2022-12-15